South Korean retail investors lost an estimated 2.3 trillion won ($1.7 billion) trading single-stock leveraged ETFs and notes tracking Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix between May 27 and August 14, according to Financial Supervisory Service data cited by a lawmaker's office. Regulators have responded to the losses with a series of risk mitigation measures implemented since July. These actions include a temporary ban on listing new leveraged single-stock products, increased minimum cash margin requirements, and enhanced investor education programs aimed at curbing risks associated with these high-volatility instruments.