Anatoly Yakovenko, co-founder of Solana Labs, has criticized Layer 2 solutions for not being truly permissionless. Speaking on May 18, Yakovenko highlighted that a system can only be considered permissionless if users can operate any part of the protocol stack independently, without needing approval from a trusted third party. He pointed out that users are unable to run their own sequencers on platforms like Base and Hyperliquid, which he argues is a fundamental flaw shared by all L2s.