Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has projected that bug-free code could become a reality by the 2030s, driven by advancements in zero-knowledge proofs and automated smart contract execution. He highlighted a significant reduction in defect density, which has decreased from 8–10 per 1,000 lines of code in 1990 to nearly zero by 2020. Buterin emphasized that improved development tools will be crucial in achieving this milestone. Additionally, a zk developer known as c-node recommended that only core contracts should be enshrined in the base layer to ensure long-term security. This approach aims to enhance the robustness and reliability of blockchain systems as they evolve.