In 2025, Bitcoin increased its OP_RETURN limit to 4MB and advanced contract capabilities with CTV and CSFS, completing its first third-party audit. Ethereum executed the Pectra and Fusaka upgrades, enhancing Layer 1 performance and Layer 2 scalability, while advancing the ERC-8004 AI standard and privacy roadmap. Solana improved throughput and stability through Firedancer, Alpenglow, and various SIMD proposals. BNB Chain achieved sub-second block times and reduced gas costs through multiple hard forks. Hyperliquid transitioned to a programmable financial Layer 1, enhancing contract and transaction engine interactions. Base expanded block gas limits and advanced the x402 AI payment and social application ecosystem.