Charles Guillemet, CTO of Ledger, emphasized the critical phase of transitioning to post-quantum cryptography, despite the uncertain timeline for practical quantum computers. Under NIST's guidance, industries are set to phase out high-risk algorithms by 2030 and disable them by 2035, with migration planning expected by 2029. For encryption and key exchange, ML-KEM will be adopted to counter quantum threats, while digital signatures are central to blockchain upgrades. Traditional sectors lean towards the hybrid ML-DSA approach, whereas blockchains favor SLH-DSA hash-based signatures. Compatibility issues between post-quantum algorithms and MPC or threshold signatures pose significant risks that need urgent attention.