Researchers from the Ethereum Foundation, Theta Labs, StarkWare and other institutions published a paper showing that the estimated computing requirements for a key step in future quantum attacks on Bitcoin and Ethereum have fallen by more than half compared with Google's March benchmark. The new quantum circuit design uses about 1,151 logical qubits and 1.3 million Toffoli gates, producing an overall score of about 1.5 billion, down sharply from Google's previous estimate of roughly 3 billion. The study optimized repeated point-addition operations in Shor's algorithm, which could theoretically allow a sufficiently powerful quantum computer to derive private keys from public keys and forge transactions.