Anatoly Yakovenko has raised concerns about the security of Layer 2 (L2) solutions, arguing that while Layer 1 (L1) validators cannot alter on-chain consensus even if they secretly modify nodes, centralized service providers will reject illegal states. In contrast, L2 and Wormhole can upgrade contracts without triggering network-wide interruptions, posing higher risks to users. Yakovenko also criticized the notion that L2 solutions inherit Ethereum's security, stating that the current architecture allows multisig to effectively determine sequencer permissions, undermining such claims.