Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has proposed a two-layer structure for future on-chain mechanism design. The first layer is an open and accountable execution layer, where correct decisions are rewarded and incorrect ones incur losses. The second layer is a decentralized and diverse preference and judgment layer, designed to resist capture, avoid financialization, and enable anonymous voting without relying on tokens, using methods like MACI to prevent collusion and 51% attacks.