Vitalik Buterin has identified four quantum vulnerabilities in Ethereum: BLS signatures in the consensus layer, KZG commitments and proofs for data availability, ECDSA signatures for EOAs, and KZG or Groth16-based ZK proofs in the application layer. To address these, Buterin proposes a phased replacement strategy. The consensus layer could switch to hash-based signatures like Winternitz variants, combined with STARK aggregation, while carefully selecting new core hash functions. Data availability could transition from KZG to STARK, addressing 2D DAS linearity and erasure code proof issues. EOAs might adopt native account abstraction (EIP-8141) to support any quantum-resistant signature algorithm, using vectorized precompilation and protocol-level recursive aggregation to reduce verification costs. Application layer proofs could be optimized through protocol-level recursive signature and proof aggregation, compressing extensive verification logic into minimal on-chain verification.