SpaceX has been assigned the lowest Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) rating of "CCC" by MSCI, just before its anticipated $75 billion public offering. MSCI cited SpaceX's high risk exposure and inadequate management of significant ESG risks as reasons for the rating. Frédéric Ducoulombier from EDHEC Business School's Climate Institute described the company's governance and controversy assessments as extremely poor, suggesting that the low ESG rating should not be surprising to investors.