Ethereum's ongoing protocol enhancements are set to improve security and adaptability by introducing hard invariants. Key changes include the 2021 implementation of EIP-2929 and EIP-3529, which increased SLOAD gas costs and reduced refunds, and the upcoming 2024 SELFDESTRUCT nerf under the Dencun upgrade. By 2025, a gas limit of 16,777,216 per transaction will be enforced. These measures aim to cap the amount of activity within a single block or transaction, mitigating denial-of-service risks and simplifying client code. Future enhancements may include capping the number of code bytes accessed, adjusting ZK-EVM prover cycles, and revising memory pricing to establish clear limits on EVM memory consumption.