BIS General Manager Pablo Hernández de Cos warned that the fast-growing AI investment boom could threaten global financial stability if companies fail to deliver the returns investors expect. He said the five largest technology companies plan to invest more than $1 trillion in AI projects between 2025 and 2026, while global AI-related investment is expected to rise from about $500 billion today to $3 trillion-$4 trillion by 2030. Major AI companies’ capital spending is exceeding their cash flow, with financing increasingly dependent on debt and private credit. Hernández de Cos also highlighted opaque and interconnected risks from cross-shareholdings and “circular financing” arrangements involving chipmakers, cloud computing giants and AI companies. He did not say an AI bubble will necessarily burst, but warned that the scale, speed and dependence on future commercial returns warrant caution.